Story of an Hour vs. Yellow Wallpaper - 794 Words

Lacen English II 22 January 2011 Differently Similar In the short stories â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, are stories about women who suffer from different conditions, but are very similar. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† the main character suffers from an unknown heart condition, and becomes very detached from her husband. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the main character suffers from a psychological condition, and is taken care of by her husband John but slowly grows away from his care. While these women may have very different situations, they are very similar in the way they grow away from their husbands, feeling oppressed by society, and wanting to feel free. The first†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the main character is constantly being told what she is and is not able to do such as â€Å"But he said I wasn’t able to go, nor able to stand it after I got there;†¦ ( Gilman)† This is an excellent example of her feeling oppressed, because her husband feels that he knows her capabilities better than she does. Another example of this is â€Å"’What is it little girl?’ he said. ‘Don’t go walking about like that—you’ll get cold.’ (Gilman)† This is an example of John thinking that her condition is so bad, she has to be treated like a child, constantly telling her what and what not to do. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† the shows she has felt depressed with â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. (Chopin)† After receiving news that her husband passed away in a train accident, she felt as if the burden of doing things for her husband was lifted, and that she could do the things she wants to do. The final similarity these two women share is the wanting to feel free. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† feels that she is capable of doing what she wants to do when she says â€Å"Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. (Gilman)† With this she shows that not being able to work and have excitement would help improve her condition more than rest and medicine would. She also shows she wants to be free, with multiple examples of her seeing a woman â€Å"trapped† behind a wallpaperShow MoreRelated Essay on Appearance vs Reality in Yellow Wallpaper, Story of an Hour, and Lottery1166 Words   |  5 PagesReality in Yellow Wallpaper, Story of an Hour, and Lottery  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Authors often write literature to have an emotional impact on the reader. These effects vary from work to work, and they may include happiness, sorrow, anger, or shock. Even authors who try to achieve the same effect may go about it in very different ways. This paper discusses three short stories written to shock the reader, but each uses a different method to achieve its effect. While Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour uses aRead MoreComparing the Plots of The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour875 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we compare contrast the two stories The Yellow Wallpaper vs. The Story of an Hour†. If we first look at the similarities that they have, they are both about women who are controlled by their husbands, and who desired freedom. But both women had different reasons for their freedom. It sounds as though both husbands had control over their lives and both women had an illness. But I don’t believe the husbands knew their wives were so m iserable. So as we look at the lives of women back in theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper vs. Bluebeard1003 Words   |  5 PagesMonday, September 16, 2013 The Prescription to Madness vs. Curiosity Saves the Cat Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was published in 1899. This story was based on her own personal experience with severe depression which she underwent a series of unusual treatment for. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story about a woman who suffers and has been diagnosed by her husband with â€Å"temporary nervous depression† (Gilman, 1). The story of â€Å"Bluebeard† written by Charles Perrault is one of theRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay3186 Words   |  13 Pagesimprisonment Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour,† and Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† present similar plots about two wives who have grown to feel imprisoned in their own marriages. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† focuses on a woman who feels so entrapped in her own marriage that she begins to feel this type of isolation and imprisonment all around her. She begins to feel as though the room, in which she is being forced to stay in is a prison in itself. â€Å"Story of an Hour,† has a similar plot of aRead MoreWomen Vs. Oppression : The Continuous Struggle For Equality1590 Words   |  7 PagesWomen vs. Oppression: The Continuous Struggle for Equality â€Å"Then, and not until then, will there be the perfect comradeship, the ideal union between the sexes that shall result in the highest development of the race† (Susan B Anthony). Feminism has evolved into our society in a slowly but remarkably life-changing way. Since the beginning of time, men have been deemed superior over women for the anatomy of their bodies and intellectual abilities. In the 21st century, patriarchal abuse has lessenedRead MoreThe Third Floor Bedroom : Man Vs. Nature1865 Words   |  8 PagesThe Third Floor Bedroom (Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Self) Sunlight was streaming in through the window in Frisk’s cozy bedroom. The flowers outside were thriving with rich, vibrant colors. The birds were harmonizing, singing a sweet morning tune. The rock pathway that led up to their house twinkled like a galaxy of stars. The pale blue that stretched across the sky seemed endless. Frisk sat up from their bed, stretching their tiny limbs. They shifted in the blankets, facing the never opened window.Read MoreMedia Magic Making Class Invisible2198 Words   |  9 Pagesgives examples as to how the media portrays the poor in a demeaning way. 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The fragrance is freshRead MoreSanitary Napkins Situational Analysis13655 Words   |  55 Pagesresponses towards the end of the review period. Still a rather new concept in the review period, day towels continued to dominate sales, but the popularity of night towels increased with consumers being lured by the claim on protection for longer hours as well as extra absorbance. Despite the increasing popularity of cheaper brands towards the end of the review period, in 2005, even these brands recorded price increases. Coupled with increasing product innovation of more expensive brands, this resultedRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesinvention, is attributed with the high government official Ts’ai Lun. - Ts’ai Lun’s method of making paper was unchanged until nineteenth century England. - After the invention of paper, the Chinese also began to use it for wrapping presents, wallpaper, napkins and toilet paper. - Printing was invented by the Chinese. - The first method of printing was block printing, using stamps. - Rubbings were also made by carving words into stone, then inking the stone and making a print on a piece of

Management Practices of Banglalink - 6560 Words

REPORT ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF ‘BANGLALINK’ Course Title: Course Code: Submitted to: Principles of Management MGT-101 Dr. Motaher Hossain Course Instructor(MGT-101) Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Submitted by: Aniqa Tahsin Anchal(787), Md. Shafaeth Zaman(802), Nafiz Imtiaz Noor(816), Sabiha Sultana(1257), Md. Aftarul Islam(1981) Submission Date: 21st November 2011 INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION JAHANGIRNAGAR UNIVERSITY SAVAR, DHAKA. 1 Letter of transmittal November 21, 2011 Motaher Hossain Course instructor Principles of Management (MGT-101) Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Subject: Submission of the report on the management practice of†¦show more content†¦Through effective managerial functions it has risen to the peak of telecommunications industry in the country. This report explores the role of four basic managerial functions in the organization-Planning, Organizing, Leading and controlling. This report provides a defined role of other departments in this process, role played by Head Office in this process, internal external support of different departments in this process, the findings about Bangla link’s strengths, weakness, opportunity and strengths. 1.2 Origin of the study The course instructor of Principles of Management (MGT-101), Dr.Motaher Hossain authorized the task of writing this report to a group of five members. The topic was selected by the group with the consent of the instructor. The Date of Submission of this report is on November 20, 2011. 1.3 Objectives of the Report ïÆ'Ëœ Broad Objectives of the Study: ï  ¶ To explain the managerial functions of Banglalink. ïÆ'Ëœ Specific Objectives of the Study: ï  ¶ To fulfill academic requirement, ï  ¶ To describe the planning of Banglalink, ï  ¶ To describe the organizing of Banglalink, 6 ï  ¶ To describe the leading of Banglalink, ï  ¶ To describe the Controlling of Banglalink, ï  ¶ To identify and analyze the SWOT analysis of Banglalink, 1.4 Scope of the Report The report is prepared based on the organizational cultures of BANGLALINK. The target is to give comprehensive understanding about the infrastructure of the organization, and how BANGLALINK isShow MoreRelatedNon Price Competition Tools Used by Banglalink3165 Words   |  13 Pagessuccess and shareholder value cannot be achieved solely through maximizing short term profits, but through market oriented yet socially responsible activities of the business. Therefore, the social responsibility and non price competition tools practices has become an important part of today’s business agenda, which indicate the commitment of the business to behave ethically and contribution towards improving the quality of work and social life of the workforce and their families as well as of theRead MoreBanglalink Marketing Strategy5388 Words   |  22 Pagesfirst entrant in the market back in 1989 when it was awarded a license to operate cellular. Since then it has been renamed to Pacific Banglad esh Telecom Ltd. and given the Brand name Citycell Digital to its cellular service. Grameen Phone, Robi, Banglalink, Teletalk and Airtel have entered the industry with various changes in between. In the past 4 years the market has more than doubled, growing from 1.5 million subscriber in early 2004 to 38.93 million at the end of 2010 Company History OrascomRead MoreAssignment on Banglalink4731 Words   |  19 PagesAssignment On Banglalink Course code: BUS-113 Course Title: Introduction to Business Submitted to Sohel Rana Lecturer Department of Business Administration Submitted by Group Name: The LEGENDS of BBA Name ID Md. Ahadujjamanrony 1001010131 Faglul Karim Raihan 1001010142 Abdul Aziz 1001010127 Shubashesh 10010101 Ashfaqur Rahman 1001010141 Sec-C, 24th batch Department of Business Administration Leading University, Sylhet Date of Submission: May 5, 2010 1 Introduction: Read MoreMarketing strategy of Teletalk Banladesh3931 Words   |  16 Pagesat breaking the monopoly and making the cellular technology affordable to the general masses. There are six mobile phone operators in Bangladesh. These are Grameenphone (GP), Banglalink, Robi, Airtel, Citycell and Teletalk. 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The exact definition of imports in national accounts includes and excludesRead MoreContemporary Development in Business and Management3907 Words   |  16 PagesLondon College of Management and IT In Association with University of Sunderland Contemporary Development in Business and Management Assignment Code: SIM 337 Submitted by:Submission date: 09th of January 2009 Task -01 For task one I have chosen Grameenphone-the GSM cellular service provider in Bangladesh. Introduction: On 28th of November 1996 Grameenphone was offered license of cellular service provider by the Bangladesh Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. 26th of March 1997, on the IndependenceRead MoreA Report on Using Servqual Model to Assess Service Quality of Airtel7671 Words   |  31 Pagesunderstanding how the concept of service quality is adopted in a telecommunication sector. Then we wish that this study identifies areas of dissatisfaction that can be quickly remedied. 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The paper presents ways on howRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning in Bangladesh2091 Words   |  9 PagesERP in Bangladesh: Enterprise system promises to greatly change four dimensions of business: firm structure, management process, technology platform, and business capability. At present in Bangladesh, companies can use ERP to support organizational structures that were not previously possible or to create a more disciplined organizational culture. The working force or the employees in the country are not technologically sound enough to get adapted with ERP at this moment, which is a great constraintRead MoreRobi Intern Report6666 Words   |  27 Pageshave explained point of sales activities of Robi Axiata Limited in detail. I gathered the information as much as possible. Much of our information is collected from primary sources (visiting retailers of Robi Axiata Limited talking with the management of Robi Axiata Limited) some other information was collected from the internet. I enjoyed working on this report and hope you will find it innovative. Sincerely yours, Gazi Fahd Hussain ID No: 07.01.02.085 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Guilt And Then There Were None Essay Example For Students

Guilt And Then There Were None Essay The author: Agatha Christie was born in 1890 in Torquay in England. Her father was called Frederick Miller so she was born as Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller. She was educated at home and studied singing and piano in Paris. In 1914 she married Archibald Christie, but then World War I had broken out. Agatha worked as a nurse in a Red Cross hospital in Torquay at that time and that experience was useful later on. The book: I recently read a mystery book by the name of And Then They Were None by Agatha Christie. I read this book because a lot of people that read Agatha Christies books recommended them to me and because I like mystery stories. One of the mysteries to this book was, of course, who killed all of the innocent people. Another mystery was that every time another person was killed a little Indian figure would disappear from the edges of a serving plate. SUMMARY: Ten people are invited to an island, called Indian Island, by letters that were signed by people they had met before. When they got to the island, they found out that their host, U.N.Owen, had not arrived yet. At dinner, they heard a voice, accusing each of them of a murder, which they were all guilty of. After one of them is killed, according to the first verse of a poem that is framed above each of their beds called Ten Little Indians, they figure out that the murderer is one of them! As more people are killed off, one by one, the group narrows the suspect list down, until only one is left alive but she figured that she would never get off the island anyway, and she hung herself from the ceiling by putting a noose around her neck and kicking the chair away on which she was standing, but she was not the SETTING: In And Then There Where None by Agatha Christie, they didnt say when it took place, but I wouldnt be surprised that it was in the 1900s because thats when she wrote it. It was on an island in the middle of the ocean. You couldnt see any other land that surrounded it because it was really in the middle of nowhere! The general atmosphere was dark because there was a lot of trees and the ocean was nice but cold. They didnt exactly say where it was located, but Im pretty sure it was in the Indian Ocean because they said it was called Indian Island!ANALYSIS: I really thought that this mystery story was very well written, and, in that case, very interesting! What I learned about this story is that you should never go somewhere with people you dont really know and like I said before: Ten people are invited to an island, called Indian Island, by letters that were signed by people they had met before.I would never go somewhere far away with people I just met! This is a mystery story so anything can happen, which I know now! It has a lot of changing meanings and its a very doubtful story. You never know what is going to happen or how its going to finis h! Its a very invented story(I think!) and the ideas of the author are almost impossible to happen in reel life, but I guess thats what makes the story interesting! CONCLUSION: I really enjoyed this book and thought it to be entertaining. It was a hard book to put down and I read about half of the book in one day because it was so interesting. And since it is a mystery, I thought I knew exactly what was going to happen, but it had a strange twist right towards the end. I really enjoyed that all the murders where done exactly how the famous poem Ten Little Indians said, which reads: Ten little Indian boys went out to dine;One choked his self and then there were nine. .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd , .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .postImageUrl , .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd , .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd:hover , .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd:visited , .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd:active { border:0!important; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd:active , .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad1f69ef6162d80f5441c9def162d5cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander The Great EssayOne overslept himself then there were eight. Eight Indian boys traveling in Devon;One said hed stay there then there were seven. Seven Indian boys chopping up sticks;One chopped himself in halves then there were six. Six Indian boys playing with a hive;A bumble-bee stung one then there were five. One got in Chancery then there were four. A red herring swallowed one then there were three. Three Indian boys walking in the zoo;A big bear hugged one then there were two. Two Indian boys sitting in the sun;One got all frizzled up then there was one. He went and hanged himself and then there were none.I would definitely recommend this book to anyone who likes a good mystery. CHRISTIE, Agatha; And Then There Were None; May 1995; Berkley Pub Group; Reissue edition (May 1995); 208 pages. Bibliography:CHRISTIE, Agatha; And Then There Were None; May 1995; Berkley Pub Group; Reissue edition (May 1995); 208 pages.

Raven Culver Essays - Othello, Literature, Fiction,

Raven Culver EN-229 Dr. Laoye 26 January 2017 The Making of the Non-European World in Desdemona In Toni Morrison's play, "Desdemona", she creates another version of Othello giving voice to both Desdemona and Othello post-mortem. In Toni Morrison's version, so to speak, we get to see a different side to Desdemona; a woman with flaws, power, and self-awareness. Throughout the story, Desdemona admits her flaws and successes . She talks about the day she met her husband, the good and bad parts of her marriage, her death, her maid Sa' r an, and the expectations her parents set for her. From Othello's side, he talks about many issues he faced as a Moor and child soldier fighting to prove himself . Many of these issues include his past history of being an orphan, a child slave, the pleasure he got from killing others, and the anger he had could not figure out how to fully grasp and the feelings he had when Iago told him Desdemona was being unfaithful. Though most of the story is told from Desdemona's side, it allows room for other characters thoughts, fee lings, and opinions as well. The first page of the play opens with some of the most powerful lines that seem to reflect the story. The first section really sets the mood for the rest of the story . In this first page, Desdemona says: My name is Desdemona. The word, Desdemona, means misery. It means ill fated. It means doomed......I am not the mea ning of a name I did not choose Men made the rules; women followed them...My p arents, keenly aware and approving of the system, could anticipate the future of a girl child accurately. They were wrong. They knew the system, but they did not know me. (Morrison 14). In this first page, Desdemona is explaining that her parents acc e p ted certain views of society solely because their daughter was a woman. Being a woman, she was expected to follow the rules that men had set for her and other woman and though these were the standards for most, she was different. She was independent. She was not just going to be another part of the system. Later on in the first section, Desdemona accepts the choices she made, whether they were for better or worse. She says, " It is true my earth life held sorrowBut it was my life and, right or wrong, my life was shaped by my own choices and it was mine" (Morrison 16). This really shows a changed Desdemona from Shakespeare's version and it seems to go full circle . The beginning stated that her name meant misery, ill fated, and doomed. Desdemona is owning up to the mistakes she has made, but makes it a point to say that she h ad made the decisions herself. Her name did not set her up for failure, nor did she have any influence from others, she wanted freedom and the right to make her own choices, and she got them. In making her own choices, Desdemona got smacked in the face by reality in this afterlife. S he is caught up in her myth about her relationship to her childhood nurse, Barbary. Barbary says that she was nothing more than her maid. Desdemona did not truly know anything about Barbary, not even her real name. When dealing with Othello, she is caught up in all of the hype and myths about Othello , his fighting skills, and his dark, mysterious skin. The worlds of Desdemona and Othello are of different paths. Othello is quite clear about the problems of being a powerful black man in white Venetian power. H e knew of fidelity on the battlefield, but h is mistake is that he is forced to trust and assume loyalty in a place of power where there is none. Othello murders Desdemona , not out of distrust, but in anger at her delusions, and even his own (Morrison 53) . B efore the end of the play, Desdemona says: I am sick of killing as a solution. It solves nothing. Questions nothing, produces nothing, nothing, but more of itself... My mistake was believing that

Genuine dialogue essays

Genuine dialogue essays Living life in relation to God and to others has profoundly influenced anyone who is interested in interpersonal encounters. But really, how does one relate to God? How does on relate to other people and to nature? Much of the basis of studying these encounters as a quality of human interaction, as genuine dialogue, has its foundation with the philosophy of Genuine Dialogue, which we attribute to Martin Buber. In seeking to understand the essence of interpersonal encounters, we must first establish two fundamentally different relations: the I object relation and the genuine dialogue or interhuman relation. An I Object relation is the normal everyday relation of a human being towards nature and the things surrounding him. Man can also consider his fellows as an object and that is what he does most of the time, he views the other from a distance, like a thing, a part of the environment, forged into chains of cause and effect relationships. Radically different from this is genuine dialogue or interhuman relation. The human being enters into this encounter with his innermost and whole being, in a meeting; in a real dialogue this is what both of the partners do. There exists a definite relationship between the physical body and the I of both individuals engaged in genuine dialogue. The I Object relationship is seemingly non interpersonal. This type of relationship is characterized by the objectification and control of nature and people. The "I" in this relationship seeks to acquire and possess as much as it can and perceives itself as being an individual, who is set over against the subjects of its perception. But this "I" pays a price for such selfishness and will to dominate because it is isolated and alienated from the source of life. It is personified in acts like seeming, speechifying and imposition. It proceeds from how one wishes to appear and is concerned with the impression, which on...

Why the Sun Looks Yellow When Its Really Not

Why the Sun Looks Yellow When Its Really Not If you ask a random person to tell you what color the sun is, chances are he will look at you like youre an idiot and tell you the sun is yellow. Would you be surprised to learn the sun is not yellow? Its actually white. If you were to view the sun from the International Space Station or the moon, youd see its true color. Check space photos online. See the true color of the sun? The reason the sun appears yellow during the day from Earth, or orange to red at sunrise and sunset, is because we view our favorite star through the filter of the atmosphere. This is one of the tricky ways in which light and our eyes change the way we perceive colors, as is the case with the so-called impossible colors. The True Color of the Sun If you view sunlight through a prism, you can see the entire range of wavelengths of light. Another example of the visible portion of the solar spectrum is seen in the rainbow. Sunlight isnt a single color of light, but a combination of the emission spectra of all the elements in the star. All of the wavelengths combine to form white light, which is the net color of the sun. The sun emits different amounts of various wavelengths. If you measure them, the peak output in the visible range is actually in the green portion of the spectrum (not yellow). However, visible light isnt the only radiation emitted by the sun. Theres also  blackbody radiation.  The average of the solar spectrum is a color, which indicates the temperature of the sun and other stars. Our sun averages about 5,800 Kelvin, which appears nearly white. Out of the brightest stars in the sky, Rigel appears blue and has a temperature exceeding 100,000K, while Betelguese has a cooler temperature of 35,00K and appears red. How the Atmosphere Affects Solar Color The atmosphere changes the apparent color of the sun by scattering light. The effect is called Rayleigh scattering. As violet and blue light gets scattered away, the average visible wavelength or color of the sun shifts toward red, but the light isnt entirely lost. The scattering of short wavelengths of light by molecules in the atmosphere is what gives the sky its blue color. When viewed through the thicker layer of atmosphere at sunrise and sunset, the sun appears more orange or red. When viewed through the thinnest layer of air at midday, the sun appears closest to its true color, yet still has a yellow tint. Smoke and smog also scatter light and can make the sun appear more orange or red (less blue).  The same effect also makes the moon appear more orange or red when it is close to the horizon, but more yellow or white when it is high in the sky. Why Pictures of the Sun Look Yellow If you view a NASA photo of the sun, or a photo taken from any telescope, youre usually viewing a false color image. Often, the color that is chosen for the image is yellow because its familiar. Sometimes photos taken through green filters are left as-is because the human eye is most sensitive to green light and can readily distinguish detail. If you use a neutral density filter to observe the sun from Earth, either as a protective filter for a telescope or so you can observe a total solar eclipse, the sun will appear yellow because youre reducing the amount of light that reaches your eyes, but not changing the wavelength. Yet, if you used that same filter in space and didnt correct the image to make it prettier, youd see a white sun.

Fluvial Geomorphology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fluvial Geomorphology - Essay Example The basic concepts in fluvial geomorphology are Equilibrium, Regime Theory and Channel Geometry, Geomorphic Thresholds and Scale. Equilibrium state is one in which the input of mass and energy to a specific system equals the outputs from the same system. In fluvial geomorphology it is this equilibrium state that the stream channels tend to achieve Regime theory is grounded on the propensity of a stream system to obtain an equilibrium state under constant environmental conditions. The Regime Theory has a set of empirical equations relating channel shape to discharge, bank resistance and sediment load. It laid the foundation for a large body of work in Fluvial Geomorphology poring on the geometric properties of equilibrium alluvial channels and their adjustments to discharge and sediment transport regimes. Many of the concepts in fluvial geomorphology can be traced to European origins; however, "Classical" American geomorphology as expressed by W.M. Davis has its roots in the Surveys of the Western United States conducted by the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey following the Civil War. The leading figures in this period of exploration were John Wesley Powell, Gore Karl Gilbert, and Clarence E. Dutton. Others of note during this time frame were Ferdinand V. Hayden, Lt. George N. Wheeler, and Archibald R. Marvine. As the west was being explored and the landforms analyzed, these individuals formulated several key ideas about geomorphology. Clarence Dutton made contributions by creating an awareness of isostatic adjustments and descriptions of landforms. lie also discussed the "Great Denudation," a period of extensive erosion which he felt created the Colorado Plateau. His writings also contained several references to the idea of parallel retreat of slopes. This concept is based upon a belief that hillsides maintain their angle of slope and form as erosion occurs. The first fluvial geomorphic model was the fluvial geographical cycle or the cycle of erosion, developed by William Morris Davis between 1884 and 1899. The cycle was inspired by theories of evolution, and was depicted as a sequence by which a river would cut a valley more and more deeply, but then erosion of side valleys would eventually flatten out the terrain again, now at a lower elevation. The cycle could be started over by uplift of the terrain. The model is today considered too much of a simplification to be especially useful in practice. The Geographical Cycle, as envisioned by Davis, starts with the rapid uplifting of a plain and the beginning of fluvial erosion. Erosion of this initial stage soon produces the second stage, youth. This stage is characterized by low relief and poor drainage with road flat water divides. As the erosion process continues, relief increases until the mature stage is reached. At this time, narrow ridges form water divides and very little flat terrain remains. Additional erosion leads to the old age stage in which relief in slight and low flat plains art dominant. The "almost featureless" plain resulting from the Geographical Cycle was termed a peneplain by Davis. Among suggested examples of peneplains are the Rocky Mountain Peneplain in the Colorado

Piezometers( to measure the water table to monitoring landslide) Essay

Piezometers( to measure the water table to monitoring landslide) - Essay Example Appropriate design of drainage system is possible only if the water flow pattern within the rock mass is understood; and for this purpose, the measurement of hydraulic conductivity and water pressure are carried out. Piezometers are used for measuring water pressure within a slope in order to control the stability of the slope by drainage. Piezometers are devices that are sealed within the ground, generally in boreholes. They respond only to ground water pressure in the immediate vicinity and not to ground water pressure at other locations. Piezometers can also be used to measure the in situ hydraulic conductivity of rock masses, using variable head tests (Wyllie et al, 2004: 120). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of piezometers in preventing landslides, identify the different types of piezometers, examine the advantages and disadvantages of each type of piezometer, compare the type of soil that they can be used in, and their applications. Piezometers measure groundwater pressures, which is useful for â€Å"effective stress stability analyses of landslides and to observe the variation of pore pressure vertically in the landslide† (Cornforth, 2005: 82). Certain factors have to be taken into consideration when planning a piezometer installation to measure water pressures in a rock slope. It is important that the drill hole should intersect the discontinuities in which the ground water is likely to be flowing. For example, the hole should intersect the persistent beds in sedimentary rock which has low persistence joints. Zones of fractured or sheared rock should be located for positioning the completion zone of the piezometer, since ground water flow would be more concentrated in these areas. The length of the completion zone in rock is usually longer than in soil, because of the requirement to intersect discontinuities. Fault zones are geological features; if they contain crushed rock

Issues in Hospitality Industry Essay Example for Free

Issues in Hospitality Industry Essay What are the main issues in hospitality industry? The issues were discussed at the last meeting of International Society(ISSC). Asking from the guest their shortage, they gave some problems necessary for them. Main part: Capital available, Emerging market, Technology, Travel permit residence. Capital available: Capital provides asset liquidity and enables the development of new hotels. Increasing institutional investment into the hotel sector is enhancing asset values and consequently lowering returns. Expectations of revenue and profitability growth are stimulating capital availability for new development. This environment is expected to continue as long as the hotel industry’s cyclical expansion continues. Signs of a cyclical plateau are starting to appear, and the implications of capital availability will be profound. Many factors affect the amount, timing, and availability of capital. In the US the fractured economic conditions that existed after 2001 eroded operating results and values over the ensuing few years, but this in turn set the stage for the current cyclical upturn. Modest potential for new supply, together with the industry’s high degree of operating leverage, have now made hotels highly attractive relative to other commercial asset classes. As a consequence, a large migration of institutional capital to the hotel sector was not long in coming. Investors have bid up hotel prices and bid down required yields to relatively low levels. The momentum of the hotel investment market has been enhanced by significant liquidity in the mortgage markets. Emerging market: The World Tourism Organization estimates that global tourism visitation (as measured by arrivals) has increased from 770 million in 2005 to 983 million in 2011 and is expected to continue to increase reaching 1,561 million by 2020. China alone is expected to generate 100 million outbound tourists by 2020 up from less than 15 million currently. As the number of international travelers increases, the beneficiaries (i. e. , countries and specific destinations) of international tourism will also change. In many cases, historically popular destinations may make gains in the aggregate number of visitors, but the proportion of total share is likely to decrease. A growing interest in â€Å"new† and previously less accessible destinations (such as Vietnam and China) as well as the strong growth of more traditional destinations (e. g. , Singapore) is driving this shift as well as more practical considerations such as location and modes of transportation. What is driving this rapidly expanding outflow of visitors? Among the leading reasons, travel is being seen as luxury rather a consumer staple at most income levels and as incomes in emerging markets rise, so does the demand for traveling. Regarding the increasing share of Asia it can be attributed to a large extent to the growth of China outbound travel which concentrates in Asia (in 2004, over 70% to Hong Kong / Macao and almost 20% rest of Asia) Demographics are also supporting this interest, again notably among emerging countries, where populations tend to be younger (as opposed to the western world where seniors and near seniors are the fastest growing age brackets) and the middle class is rapidly expanding. Awareness of foreign destinations through electronic images, the rapid acceptance of new telecom products and international branding/marketing has a direct appeal to this younger, more affluent demographic. The four BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) provide an interesting perspective of this demographic shift. Technology: The challenges of keeping up with the fast pace of technology is difficult and expensive. Guests can now use the Internet’s interactive reservation systems, and hospitality companies are sometimes criticized for the (alleged) large number of keyboard clicks required to make a reservation. The number of reservations made via the Internet continues to increase. Surveys in the United States show that currently 20% of all reservations are made through the Internet, and this percentage is increasing every year. With such high percentage of reservations done through the Internet, a hospitality cannot afford not being connected. If the potential guest cannot book online, a reservation will be made at the competitors web site. Guest-room Innovations Multiple telephone lines, interactive opportunities for ordering room service, and guest-room check-out are examples of amenities that guests increasingly desire, but that are very expensive to install and implement. Data Mining This technology allows marketing and sales personnel to find new ways to use guest-related data. (data mining: using technology to analyze guest and other related data to make better marketing decisions. ) Yield Management This computerized process allows managers to match guest demand with room rates (high demand means higher rates because of lessened discounts; low demand result in higher discounts. (yield management: demand forecasting systems designed to maximize revenue by holding rates high during times of high guest-room demand and by decreasing room rates during times of lower guest-room demand). Yield management is critical to maximizing a hospitality’s profitability. The concept are applied to every revenue department and across department. The yield managers job is to maximize the revenue per available room by selling rooms to the right customers, at the right price, at the right time.

Servant Leadership Would Make the World a Better Place :: Servant Leadership

In such a corrupt world, there is the need for laws and enforcement of those laws. It is expected that those put in positions to keep those safe, such as politicians, police officers, and firefighters, are actually putting others before themselves, but this is not always the case. Unfortunately, there are many in these types of positions who hold their positions because of gaining income (which is of course of importance) but do not have a strong passion for people. This brings to the case the theory of servant leadership. Northouse (2013) defines servant leadership as emphasizing that leaders be attentive to the concerns of their followers, empathize with them, and nurture them. Those who are truly servant leaders have the best interest of their followers at heart and are able to help them and lift them up, selflessly. Because politicians, police officers, and firefighters are all considered community and national leaders of our country, it is important that those are are put into these positions have characteristics of being a servant leader. Although some may argue that we may not be â€Å"followers† that does not take away from the leadership impact that they have. Although Northouse (2013) lists 10 characteristics of servant leadership (p. 221), 5 that I feel are of the most important for political and community leaders are stewardship, commitment to the growth of people, listening, empathy, and awareness. Collectively, all of these make the leader aware of their positions, aware of their impact, and ready to commit to the growth of those they are called to lead. In a perfect world, instead of politicians having hidden agendas, there only agenda would be the one they were voted into: leading others and having a positive impact on our communities, states, and country as a whole.

Is the Globalization tide turning? Essay

Marber attempts to analyze the origin and goals of the G8 countries and postulates that G8 needs to reinvent and reorient itself to address changing dynamics at the global level. The Cold War played a crucial role in the formation of Group of Eight (G8) as a forum to address and promote multilateralism among the nations that endorsed market-centric approach to economics. Politically and economically G8 sought to offer a viable alternative to centrally planned socialist economics. G8 nations placed emphasis on stability from a cross-regional perspective and hence promoted economic interdependence among the member nations. To a large extent G8 has been successful and its success encouraged the hitherto closed economies to open and emulate the economic model of G8 nations. The fact that Soviet Union broke up into 15 different countries and they all shifted their economic approach to market-centric one is an ample evidence of G8 and its policies. Despite the success it has enjoyed since formed G8 is in urgent need of reorienting itself. Some of the â€Å"developing nations† have indeed developed to a large extent and G8 needs to acknowledge this fundamental fact of economic evolution. With globalization as its central tenet G8 needs a fresh approach for ensuring multilateralism in the future. This becomes doubly difficult as the world is witnessing lack of global consensus on trade, security and law. Due to the various financial crises and terrorism at the global level there is now the looming threat of reversion i. e. protectionist trade policies and capital controls. In order not to lose its relevance in the increasingly globalized world, G8 needs to address the paradox of countries cooperating with each other economically but moving apart politically. The former centrally planned economies in Latin America, Asia and Africa have abandoned their old economic policies and have embraced free market ideology. Marber stresses the fact that the some of the emerging economies actually fund the deficits of G8 governments and postulates the concept of E8 i. e. Emerging 8 nations that will include China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey and Mexico. Marber further differentiates G8 from E8 based on parameters like median age and purchasing power parity and concludes that E8 will soon outperform the G8 nations. To accommodate this G8 needs to shed its old image of dominant hegemony and needs to take a fresh look at the emerging economies. The emerging economies do not represent the entire global citizenry by any means, but they do exhibit tendencies to join global commonwealth as responsible nations. Though the corporations in the G8 nations have acknowledged the relevance of E8, it has been observed the G8 nations are bit slow to integrate themselves into the changing economic world order. Marber provides numerous examples of the way corporations in G8 countries engage and compete in the emerging markets. The paper then differentiates all the emerging economies in detail individually and states the advantages these economies currently enjoy. China for example has renegotiated a new bilateral meeting with US to address trade issues and currently seems to financing major portion of US debt. India on the other hand seems to enjoy the benefits of world’s largest English speaking democracy and is deemed as a super power in the making in high-tech fields. Turkey is situated in a strategically important location and trace an historical relationship with Europe and its secular model seems to be proving a huge benefit. Mexico as largest trading partner of the United States is integrating itself faster into the US and Canadian economies within the framework of NAFTA. In contrast another Latin American giant Brazil has developed its capabilities in fields ranging from agriculture to aviation. South Africa possesses a capability to enmesh disparate political groups and ideologies in the African continent. According to Marber these are the salient facts that needs to be taken into consideration if G8 is to refashion itself and still play a meaningful role in the future. In this regard Marber mentions eight policy areas for G8, where G8 nations need to place a greater emphasis. He further explains these policy areas like trade, security etc in detail and is of the opinion that these need to be taken up seriously by the G8 nations and regain their pioneering efforts in globalization. The health of globalized system of interconnected and interdependent economies requires a vast diversification beyond the existing G8 nations. Marber claims that E8 nations should not just be free riders but should become active participants and hence should share responsibility in maintaining globalized world order. G8 nations on their part should cease to be patronizing and instead should seek to build partnerships with the emerging nations actively. According to Marber there is an acute need of expanded and enabled group deriving largely from the existing G8 nations and believes inclusion of E8 nations will be the right step in that direction. He concludes by saying this is the logical step forward that would preemptively exclude looming threat protectionist globalization. The central tenet of the paper lies in its emphasis on E8 nations as a counter threat to emerging anti-multilateralism. Answers to the Questions: 1. How many other were involved in writing this article? Answer: Three. Peter Marber was main author but he has been assisted by two of his colleagues (Christian Deseglise and Avi Sharon). 2. What are the 5 factors that contributed to a visible crack in the G8? Answer: The five factors that contributed to a visible crack are: 1) collapse of WTOs Doha talks on trade 2) lack of global consensus on environment laid out in Kyoto protocol 3) undermining of International Criminal Court 4) protectionist government policies related to selective cross-border acquisitions and 5) lack of consensus on the invasion of Iraq. 3. What are the 8 policy areas that will bring the G8/E8 together? Answer: The policy areas that will bring G8/E8 together are: a) Trade b) Security c) Energy d) Immigration e) Environment f) Health & Drugs g) Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) h) Poverty Works Cited Marber, Peter. From the G8 to the â€Å"E8† Is the Globalization Tide Turning? World Policy Journal 23. 3 (2006): 42-51.

Histroy of English Language Essay

History of English language will explain, why learning English as a second language is difficult without proper instruction, even though basic components are same. Throughout its history English has been influenced by the varieties of language. Living languages never remain static. Every language is the product of change and continues to change as long as it is spoken. Only dead languages like Latin or Sanskrit change no longer, since no one speaks them now. The changes, while they do occur are gradual and slow and hence almost imperceptible. Over a span of centuries, however, their cumulative effect is appreciable. Shakespeare English is difficult for modern readers; Chaucer’s is almost is incomprehensible without formal instruction. The History of the English language: The origin During the Roman invasion, the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. English belongs, in all its stages, to the Indo European family of languages, formerly called Indo-Germanic, and still earlier Aryan. Indo European is the name given to the set of linguistic forms from which nearly all European languages as well as those of Persia and very large part of India can be shewn to descend. The historians have used the word Indo-European because it merely suggests that the languages it comprises cover most of the Europe and India mark the length of its confines. The predominance and pioneering s of the position of the German Philologist English is one of the most important languages in the world today. More the an 350 million people in Great Britain are native speakers. In addition 150 million non-native speakers of English are there. English however is not spoken by large number of people in the world . Chinese, for instance spoken by more than 880 million people in China alone. Among the western languages English has the advantage in numbers. Spanish in spoken by about 210 million people. Russian is spoken about 200 million people Portuguese is spoken about 105 million people etc . Importance of a language is associated with political role played by the nations using it and their influence in the international affairs. Several reasons may be adduced for current importance and popularity of English. Historically the colonial expansion of the British Empire over which the sun never sets, was responsible for the imposition of the English on aspiring natives. Even after achieving independence many countries like Nigeria, India, Ghana continue to use English as official language for several reasons. The nature of the English language and its tolerance to change has made it very popular. One of the major assets of the English language is the mixed character or its vocabulary. English being the Germanic descent has many words from the Germanic languages viz, German Dutch, Flemish, Danish, Scandinavian, Swedish, Norwegian. It also shares a large number of words with the European languages derived from Latin viz,French Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. Hence English seems very familiar to anyone who speaks a Germanic and Roman language. Instead of making new words chiefly by the combination of existing elements, English has shown the marked tendency to go outside its own linguistic resources and borrow from other languages. These words have been so well assimilated into English the no one ever remembers or recognizes that they have been borrowed. Any etymological dictionary will show that English has borrowed from almost every language of the world; Hebrew Arabic Hindi Tamil,Malay,WestAfrica,Chinese,Brazil etc. This is the reason why we call English a cosmopolitan vocabulary which is an asset to any language which seeks to attain international use. Modern linguists therefore accept the dynamic nature of language. One of their axioms is that there are no pure forms of language, for language, for languages keep changing all the time. If English had remained pure over the centuries, we should still be speaking the language of Chaucer. Throughout the history, the English language has accepted with comparative equanimity words from other languages with which it has been in contact. There have been periods in which speakers and writers have indulged in large-scale use of foreign words. In general, most people will agree that the foreign contribution to English has been useful. Some languages avoid as far as possible the use of alien terms; instead they substitute new words made up of native elements. English however, has always accepted foreign words. Many hundreds of words of non-English origin are now part and parcel of the English vocabulary, indistinguishable from the native stock except to those with some knowledge of etymology. Of all the world languages, English has probably the vocabulary which is the most copious, heterogeneous and varied, at the same time this also one of the reason that learning English as second language becomes difficult. All the people, with whom its speakers have come in contact during more than thirteen centuries of its growth, have left permanent marks on the language. Some of the contacts have been deep and lasting like Greek, French and Latin. A study of the history of the English language, therefore, unfolds the panorama of English history-both social and political. With an empire over which sun never sets, the English language has been particularly open to foreign influences. The Romans with whom the ancient Germanic tribes had dealings, the Romanized Britons, the Latin fathers of the church who were once eagerly studied the Danish and Norwegian invaders, the Norman French conquerors, the revival of ancient Latin and Greek classics at Renaissance, the Italian artists and men of letters of the 16th century the colonizing nations of the same century—all these have made their contributions to the English language. Arab mathematicians from Spain have enriched the language: so have American Redskins and Indian sepoys. The Italianate Englishman of Queen Elizabeth’s time of whom Shakespeare made fun and famous writers like Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift have left something of value in the English word—hoard. It is no doubt, that such statement might fairly be made about other language and their history; but what stands out so remarkably about English is the abundance, the unparalleled variety and the length of the time during which foreign influences have been effective. Further, no other language has so much copious and heterogeneous material. In historical linguistics the contribution of particular foreign language to another is referred to as borrowing . In common parlance, ‘borrowing’ means getting something form somebody on the understanding that it is to be returned. Luckily, this definition does not apply to words which are borrowed, never to be returned. Linguists wonder whether ‘stealing’ might be a more appropriate term for this phenomenon. As Haugen says† The borrowing takes place without the lender’s consent or even awareness and the borrower is under no obligation to repay the loan. One might as well call it stealing, were it is not the owner is deprived of nothing and feels no urge to recover his goods. The process might be called adoption, for the speaker does adopt element from a second language into its own. Even though English language has adopted variety of languages into it, the basic structure of the English language has not changed. English language’s basic structure is, it has fixed word order. Due to more than two hundred years of English rule, Tamil has borrowed copiously from English. Now these words are not recognized as foreign at all. One hears an uneducated Tamil speaker use words like office school, ticket, gate, bus etc. In fact, practically no one remembers the Tamil equivalent of these words. The problem arises for the second language learners only when they were asked to use the language or reproducing it. Tamil is Dravidian language spoken by more than 65 million people. It is the official language of Tamil nadu state in India and one of the official languages of Srilanka also. Large Tamil-speaking communities also reside in South Africa,Singapore, Malaysia and the other Indian ocean islands. The earliest Tamil inscriptions dates from 200B. C. The literature in the language have a 2,000-year history. There are 247 letters in the Tamil alphabet. The 247 letters in the Tamil alphabet can be divided into 12 vowels 18 consonants, 216 vowel consonants and 1 special letter. The vowel consonants are formed by combining the vowel letters and consonants letters. The vowel-consonants letters also have long and short sounds. The History of English is divided into three ages. Old English, Middle English and Modern English. There are 26 letters and 44 sounds, in that there 6 pure vowels and 18 diphthongs and 20 consonants in English language. Compared to Tamil language English has less number of letters ,but ironically language that has 247 letters(Tamil) has limited in terms of vocabulary, but English language that has 26 letters has million words. According THE HINDU newspaper which published an article duirng 2006, The department of Tamil language in the University of Madras has benn revising, enlarging and updating the Tamil lexicon. During 1924-39, the University of Madras had Published the Tamil Lexicon in seven volumes comprising 124,405 entries. Such a dictionary was pioneering venture in the pre-independence period. Prof. Vaiyapuri Pillai had played a huge role in the complication and publication. There have been persistent demands for updating and expanding the lexicon. The many social, political and technological changes in the six-decade period have direct bearing on the Tamil language. It is in this background that the Department of Tamil language of the Madras University had out forth its plan to revise enlarge and update the lexicon. The present Tamil lexicon, under preparation ,will come out in 10 volumes, comprising atleast 500,000 entries ,will be bilingual in nature and at the same time render the meaning chronologically. On top of the vast difference in the number of letters in their alphabet, the Tamil language also differs in many grammatical items compared to the English language. The earliest period of English was formerly called as ANGLO SAXON. The history of English language is divided into three main periods . They are old English (from earliest writings till 1100) Middle English extends from about 1100A. D- 1450A. D, from 1450A. D till date its Modern English. The English language is spoken or read by the largest number of people in the world, for historical, political and economic reasons. First and foremost feature of English language is its extraordinary receptive and adaptable heterogeneousness-the varied ease and readiness with which it has taken to itself material from almost everywhere in the world and has made the new elements of language its own. Throughout its history English has accepted with equinamity words from other languages with which it has been in contact. Foreign elements with ease and assimilated them all to its character. Though it is copiousness of vocabulary is outstanding. A second outstanding characteristic of English is simplicity of inflexion-the ease with which it indicates the relationship of words in a sentence with only the minimum of change in their shapes or variation of endings. A third quality of English is its relatively fixed-word order. An inflected language like Latin or Russian can afford to be fairly free in the arrangement of its words, since the inflexions show clearly the proper relationship in the sentence and ambiguity is unlikely. Of all world languages, English has probably the vocabulary which is most copious, heterogeneous and varied. All the peoples with whom its speakers have come into contact during more than thirteen centuries of the growth, have left permanent marks on the language. Some of the contacts have been deep and lasting like those of ancient Rome and France. Others have been casual like those of Spain or Czechoslovakia. During the Roman invasion, the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. While the Roman soldiers in town used Latin, the Britons in the countryside spoke Celtic. Later this was replaced by English. The history of the English language in Britain begins with the settlement of the Angels, Saxons and Jutes in Brtian. These three tribes came from the plains near Schelswing Holstein in North Germany. They had to encounter varying degrees of hostility from the Celts. For mutual protection the tribes combined into small kingdoms. The most important among these were: Northumbria, Mercia. East Anglia, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and Kent. Under King Alfred Wessex enjoyed the leadership in learning. The English language of today reflects many centuries of developments. The political and social history of England has exerted a considerable impact on the language. The Christianizing of Britain in 597 brought English into contact with Latin civilization and many Latin words were added to the English vocabulary. Then the Scandinavian invasion resulted in considerable two people and their languages. For two centuries after the Norman Conquest English remained the language of the lower classes. When English once more gained importance, it had been considerably changed from what it was in 1066. In a similar way the Hundred Years’ War, the rise of an important middle class, the Renaissance the development of the British empire, the growth of commerce and industry, science and literature have all contributed to make the English language what it is today. In short the English language reflects in its entire development the political, social and cultural history of the English people.

Free Essays on AN ANALYTICAL ESSAY OF BEING A MAN

, thoughts and opinions to describe his feelings about being a man, he writes about the things he dislikes about being a man. Theroux defines himself as a person who has â€Å"always disliked being a man†. This is very obvious to the reader, and anyone can clearly see it, since throughout the text he complains about the idea people have of manliness and how he wishes it wasn’t that way, but another way where men weren’t stereotyped so much that they had to behave a certain way in order to be manly. Especially since this begins to take place when they are in their childhood. The reader can of course also see very much of an emotional response on Theroux’s part. Since it is an expressive essay, Theroux states many times during the text how he feels about being a man and the reader can see several emotional responses, especially negative emotional responses of Theroux about different issues... Free Essays on AN ANALYTICAL ESSAY OF BEING A MAN Free Essays on AN ANALYTICAL ESSAY OF BEING A MAN Being a Man by Paul Theroux is an essay about how the author feels about being a man. Theroux expresses himself by using examples and facts about a man’s life. He also talks a little about his experiences and the obstacles he had during his lifetime. He states that he has â€Å"something of an objection to the way we turn boys into men†. Theroux thinks â€Å"the whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful†. It makes the reader see how hard it is to be a man, and all the stereotypes there are about men that make them be who they are. He states this when he says that â€Å"Man means ‘manly’†, by this he means that the expression â€Å"Be a man!†, means â€Å"be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient, soldierly, and stop thinking†. The reader knows what Theroux’s opinion is about being a man from the very first paragraph, where he talks about how fetishism is so associated with men and says that â€Å"it is just one more awful think s about being a man†. The work’s expressive purpose is very obvious throughout the reading. Theroux uses his own words, thoughts and opinions to describe his feelings about being a man, he writes about the things he dislikes about being a man. Theroux defines himself as a person who has â€Å"always disliked being a man†. This is very obvious to the reader, and anyone can clearly see it, since throughout the text he complains about the idea people have of manliness and how he wishes it wasn’t that way, but another way where men weren’t stereotyped so much that they had to behave a certain way in order to be manly. Especially since this begins to take place when they are in their childhood. The reader can of course also see very much of an emotional response on Theroux’s part. Since it is an expressive essay, Theroux states many times during the text how he feels about being a man and the reader can see several emotional responses, especially negative emotional responses of Theroux about different issues...

Battle of White Plains in the American Revolution

Battle of White Plains in the American Revolution The Battle of White Plains was fought October 28, 1776, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Part of the New York Campaign, the battle came about after British forces landed at Pells Point, NY and threatened to cut off the American line of retreat from Manhattan. Departing the island, the Continental Army established a position at White Plains where it was attacked on October 28. After sharp fighting, the British captured a key hill that compelled the Americans to withdraw. The retreat from White Plains saw General George Washingtons men move across New Jersey before crossing the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. Background In the wake of their defeat at the Battle of Long Island (August 27-30, 1776) and victory at the Battle of Harlem Heights (September 16), General George Washingtons Continental Army found itself camped at the northern end of Manhattan. Moving tentatively, General William Howe elected to begin a campaign of maneuver rather than directly attacking the American position. Embarking 4,000 men on October 12, Howe moved them through Hells Gate and landed at Throgs Neck. Here their advance inland was blocked by swamps and a group of Pennsylvania riflemen led by Colonel Edward Hand. General Sir William Howe. Public Domain Not wishing to force his way through, Howe re-embarked and moved up the coast to Pells Point. Marching inland, they won a sharp engagement over a small Continental force at Eastchester, before pressing on to New Rochelle. Alerted to Howes movements, Washington realized that Howe was in a position to cut his lines of retreat. Deciding to abandon Manhattan, he began moving the main army north to White Plains where he possessed a supply depot. Due to pressure from Congress, he left around 2,800 men under Colonel Robert Magaw to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan. Across the river, Major General Nathanael Greene held Fort Lee with 3,500 men. Battle of White Plains Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Dates: October 28, 1776Armies and Commanders:AmericansGeneral George Washington13,000 menBritishGeneral William Howe14,500 menCasualties:Americans: 28 killed, 126 woundedBritish: 42 killed, 182 wounded The Armies Clash Marching into White Plains on October 22, Washington established a defensive line between the Bronx and Croton Rivers, near the village. Building breastworks, Washingtons right was anchored on Purdy Hill and led by Major General Israel Putnam, while the left was commanded by Brigadier General William Heath and anchored on Hatfield Hill. Washington personally commanded the center. Across the Bronx River, in line with the American right rose Chattertons Hill. Possessing wooded sides and fields on the hilltop, Chattertons Hill was initially protected by a mixed force of militia. Reinforced at New Rochelle, Howe began moving north with around 14,000 men. Advancing in two columns, they passed through Scarsdale early on October 28, and approached Washingtons position at White Plains. As the British neared, Washington dispatched Brigadier General Joseph Spencers 2nd Connecticut Regiment to delay the British on the plain between Scarsdale and Chattertons Hill.  Arriving on the field, Howe immediately recognized the importance of the hill and decided to make it the focus of his attack.  Deploying his army, Howe detached 4,000 men, led by Colonel Johann Ralls Hessians to make the assault. A Gallant Stand Advancing, Ralls men came under fire from Spencers troops which had taken a position behind a stone wall. Inflicting losses on the enemy, they were forced to pull back towards Chattertons Hill when a British column led by General Henry Clinton threatened their left flank.  Recognizing the importance of the hill, Washington ordered Colonel John Haslets 1st Delaware Regiment to reinforce the militia.   As British intentions became clearer, he also dispatched Brigadier General Alexander McDougalls brigade. The Hessian pursuit of Spencers men was stopped on the slopes of the hill by determined fire from Haslets men and the militia. Bringing the hill under intense artillery fire from 20 guns, the British were able to panic the militia leading them to flee from the area. General George Washington. Public Domain The American position was quickly stabilized as McDougalls men arrived on the scene and new line formed with the Continentals on the left and center and the rallied militia on the right. Crossing the Bronx River under the protection of their guns, the British and Hessians pressed on towards Chattertons Hill. While the British attacked directly up the hill, the Hessians moved to envelop the American right flank. Though the British were repulsed, the Hessians flank attack caused the New York and Massachusetts militia to flee. This exposed the flank of Haslets Delaware Continentals. Reforming, the Continental troops were able to beat back several Hessian attacks but were ultimately overwhelmed and forced retreat back to the main American lines. Aftermath With the loss of Chattertons Hill, Washington concluded that his position was untenable and elected to retreat to the north. While Howe had won a victory, he was unable to immediately follow up his success due to heavy rains the next day few days. When the British advanced on November 1, they found the American lines empty. While a British victory, the Battle of White Plains cost them 42 killed and 182 wounded as opposed to only 28 killed and 126 wounded for the Americans. While Washingtons army began a long retreat which would ultimately see them move north then west across New Jersey, Howe broke off his pursuit and turned south to capture Forts Washington and Lee on November 16 and 20 respectively.  Having completed the conquest of the New York City area,  Howe ordered Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis to pursue Washington across northern New Jersey.  Continuing their retreat, the disintegrating American army finally crossed the Delaware in to Pennsylvania in early December. American fortunes would not improve until December 26, when Washington launched a daring attack against Ralls Hessian forces in Trenton, NJ.

Introduction to the city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to the city - Essay Example Cash flow can be defined as ‘the pattern of income and expenses, and its consequences for how much money is available at a given time’ The process of managing working capital would involve deciding what quantity of cash, other liquid assets, accounts receivable and inventories the firm would require to have at any given point of time. â€Å" The management of working capital is concerned with the management of assets such as cash, marketable securities, account receivable, investor prepaid expenses and the current assets; also liabilities such as accounts payables, wages payables and accruals.†2 Working capital can generally be generated by receiving short term loan from a bank or by placing aside a sum from the equity. Generally working capital can not be added up while taking a long term loan from a bank. According to Keynes a firm holds working capital for three basic reasons; to benefit from timely opportunities arising in the market, as a fund to deal with unforeseen crisis that require immediate action and to carry out the regular business activities of cash inflow and outflow. The process of working capital management is relatively complex and it is meant to ensure that a firm is capable to carry out its regular activities with optimum efficiency at the same time fulfill the short term debt requirements and forthcoming operational expenditures. This process requires an analytical approach towards the spending and receiving of the funds available on hand. â€Å"The analysis requires decisions to be taken for the following questions such as: how should the firm manage its cash? To whom should the firm grant credit? How much inventory should the firm keep? What should be the composition of the firm’s current debt? â€Å"3 The goal of managing working capital is to have cash inflow as early as possible and to delay the cash outflow as much as possible and at the

IDP( Managing Financial Resources and Decisions) Essay

IDP( Managing Financial Resources and Decisions) - Essay Example The perfect location and size of the business will be paramount to ensuring that we satisfy our customers, both in London and its surroundings. The flower delivery is done by Fragrant Scent who will make sure that the flowers get to the customers while still fresh and in great quality. The business is also targeting to engage in flower delivery nationwide. The company focuses on creating flower variety of special flower arrangements by investing in broad assortment of gift backset and plants for all occasions. It is our commitment to offer professionally arranged fresh flowers packed in a reusable vase. For effective customer care services, the flowers are hand delivered to ensure utmost care. Our floral shop plans to sell the flowers as a retailer to individuals and corporate clients. The vases and the flowers are sourced on wholesale from a huge online wholesale company. The flower arrangements and the vases preferences are customized according to the requests of the customers. The company focuses on selling most of our flowers online in our website where customers can place their order requests for enhanced convenience. While making the online order requests, customers have an option of specifying if they want their flowers delivered so that they do no need to step out of the house. The flower arrangements will be uniquely done to suit events such as ceremonies, school dances, funerals, holiday parties or weddings. The reason for setting up this business has been driven by the desire to bridge the gap in the flower business as most of the flowers shops do not offer customized flower arrangements and vase designs since traditionally, vases have been standardized. With the advancement in technology where business can be conducted online, we are able to offer the floral services according to the wishes of the customers. Furthermore, London is a huge economy where

COM101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

COM101 - Essay Example A factor in considering how to grab their attention relates to their personal and demographic information. An audience of older age cannot be targeted effectively using materials and ways of presentation suitable for youth and same is the case for professionals versus students as audience. Hence, there indeed is a need to understand the audience and target them effectively to remain centre of attention during the venture. I personally believe that a public speaker needs to be able to cope up with any possible reaction by the public and must be ready to face any kind of response or no response at all. The need is to remain calm and adapt to the situation immediately without getting confused or exhibiting the anxiety that the speaker might face. Conclusively, the responses one gets are unpredictable yet a good public speaker foresees the needs and plans accordingly with a backup plan to change as per the situation at

Employee Turnover: Issues In Human Resources

Employee Turnover: Issues In Human Resources INTRODUCTION There has been a clear shift from the manufacturing to knowledge based industries in the last few decades across the world. Employee turnover has been one of the most broadly studied areas of interest due to its significance to labour in the knowledge based industries. Employee turnover is being treated as a critical issue in Human Resource perspective, as it can hurt the overall productivity and subsequently organisational success. A key problem for service based organisations has been attracting and retaining the high quality employees (Heskett at al, 2008). According to Hokey Min, (2007) employee turnover can generally be analyzed in the terms of demographic variables (for eg. gender, age, educational level), occupational variables (for eg. Skill level, experience, tenure, status), organisational variables (for eg. Firm size, industry, job contents, working environments) and individual variables (for eg. Pay scale, reward, advancement opportunity, job security, job involvement). D ifferent employees will have different variables affecting their jobs and these variable factors change overtime. And in some organisations employee turnover depends on persons suitability, like Autry and Daugherty (2003) as cited by Hokey Min (2007) suggested that person-organisation fit could significantly affect employee turnover, because employees whose expectations about their company and supervisor characteristics are unmet are more likely to live their companies. The recruitment of the talented and trained staff is the outmost importance today. However an important aspect is even more critical needed to be looked is the retention strategy for the current employees. If the organisation is not able to retain the trained staffs then there no means of recruiting the new staffs and training them. In this literature the researcher elaborates different theories and journals on voluntary employee turnover. According to CIPD (2000) as cited by Michael Armstrong (2003) Turnover may be a function of negative, low job satisfaction, combined with an ability to secure employment elsewhere, i.e. the state of the labour market. In other way, turnover is a normal part of organisational functioning, and while exceeding high turnover may be dysfunctional a certain level of turnover is to be expected and can be beneficial to an organization. A report from the Human Resource Benchmark Group cited in IRS, (2002a) as cited by Ian et al, (2004:167) has listed the top five factors affecting an employees decision to stay or leave an organisation as: The quality of the relationship with their supervisor or manager; An ability to balance work and home life; The amount of meaningful work they do-giving a feeling of making a difference; The level of co-operation with co-employee; The level of trust in the workplace. The existing literature review explores the employee turnover with a discussion of relevant theories, empirical study factors and the variable in this study, including intent of employees leaving, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and different reasons or factors effecting employees in turnover. The above literature was studied to know or understand the overall factors affecting employee turnover. In some cases it is reported that as much as 60 percent of all Call centres employees leave their jobs within one year of employment, costing thousands of dollars for replacing those departed employees Gooley (2001); Autry and Daugherty (2003) as cited by Hokey Min (2007). In contrast to the rich literature about employee turnover issues, research dealing with Dell employee turnover. The researcher is trying to obtain what key variable factors could affect in Dell employee turnover. TURNOVER AND ITS AFFECTS Turnover is defined by Price (1997.P15) as cited by Catherine(2002), the ratio of the number of organizational member who have left during the period being considered divided by the average number of people in that organization during the period. High turnover can be seen as synonymous with the employees of the specific company or occupational sector having a short organizational tenure when comparing to the other companies. If the organization cannot retain the employees then it will be more expensive for any organization, hence in understanding the causes behind the turnover has a significant importance in the saving and in the organizational success (Buck and Watson 2002).in a competitive business world the different wing of the organization adds competitive advantage hence the retention strategy for the companys human resource is of extreme important in gaining competitive advantage over the rivals (Pfeffer 2005). The resignation of the highly trained knowledge workers poses addi tional threat to the employees due to the fact that they often substantial knowledge in their fields creating a risk for loss of intellectual property (Lee and Maurer 1997). Shaw and Gupta(1998) has discussed the importance of differentiating the voluntary turnover and the non-voluntary turnover, in the later one the employee has no choice. Buck and Watson (2002) concluded that the main researches were done on the basis of finding the causes of employee decisions on turnover. The voluntary turnover is avoidable and controllable through different strategies putting together thus the organization can pay more attention in their regular operations thus gaining the competitive advantage. According to Griffeth (2000) one of the method of measuring the turnover risk to the organization is to measure the employees turnover intentions because it is most frequently recognized predictors of employee turnover. While many model on the turnover research predicts the intention as the direct antecedent of the turnover but there may still reason to find on the construct. Campbell and Allen (2007) said it is absurd to focus entirely on the predictors of turnover as it is not comparable to focusing on the actual turnover behavior, a casual relationships may exist directly between the other antecedents and turnover. It is found in their research is that the turnover behavior is directly related to the several aspects, Supporting their argument that it may be important to include not only the measure of turnover intention but also the actual turnover behaviors. Steers and Mowday(1981) suggested a model of the processes leading to the voluntary turnover that although somewhat dated make an excellent conceptualization. This model pertains the turnover is a sequential process consisting of three steps. This model suggests that employees follow a method for the turnover. According to this model the initial expectation of the job creates a employee attitude regarding their job. These job attitude influences many dimensions of employee perception and behaviors, including job performance and views of the company. The poor performance attitude of the employees can also trigger the intention to leave, which in turn influences the turnover at least two ways. It may lead to actual turnover decision without any looking after any job alternatives, or it may lead to employees searching for the alternative employment. It is found that if the employees are considering few alternative then the employee is less likely to quit the organization. Conversely if the employees are able to quit the job through finding alternative ways then the probability of turnover is remarkably increased.(Steers and ,Mowday 1981). Age and Turnover As this research is pertaining to the turnover in among this BPO industry, the demographic factors such as age and sex have extreme importance. In the field of the turnover research the age and the organizational tenure are widely used as predictors of the turnover (Van Breuklen, et al 2004). A number of research shows that these demographic variables are negatively correlated with the voluntary turnover. This shows older employees are less tempted to voluntary turnover than the young employees and employees with long employment history is less likely to turnover than the employees with relatively short period of employment service(Sturges and Guest 2001). They have also mentioned that the first year of the employment is crucial than the other and if the employer is able to retain their recruits for any substantial length of time. This shows the importance of the satisfaction of the employees in the first year in the work related aspects. When discussing the behavior and turnover intentions of the young employees, It must be also consider that the young professional may be subjected to a rather atypical occupational status and they might be in a unique situation as they do not want to follow the same path of the other employee groups (Rouse 2001).According to Niederman (2007) the information technology related professional often use internet as a tool for seeking opportunities with a minimum effort and the employees try to keep in touch with the potential employers resulting an efficient way of job search with minimal effort and time. Niederman also mentioned that if the response rate from the employers is high then the turnover rate will also be high. Niederman concludes that Theoretically, this implies that a significant number of these [turnover] decisions are likely to involve some consideration of alternatives even without dissatisfaction. Thus, we propose that satisfied IT related professionalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ regularly scan the labor market for even better jobs in terms of career opportunities, compensation, and other attributes. Then, when such jobs are found or otherwise present themselves, many professionals will often compare and accept the new job if it is judged better. (p. 336). Author Coff.( 1997) as cited by David A Foote (2004) examines employees job perceptions with regard to capacity of changing or leaving jobs and focuses on the assimilation and management of human assets. Suppose in order to reduce turnover firms must either increase employees positive perceptions of their current jobs or decrease their positive perceptions of alternative jobs.Steer Modway (1981) as cited by Robert et al, (2005) suggest that lower performing employees have an increased interest in voluntarily leaving an organisation, since they gain little job satisfaction from operating within their work environment. According to Sager et al, (1998),Fox Fallon,(2003) as cited by Everd et al,( 2007) turnover is seen as a mental division intervening between an individuals attitude regarding a job and the stay or leave division and that can be regarded as an immediate antecedent to stay, or leave INFLUENTIAL FACTORS It is to be noted that what can be done on retaining the employees in the long run of the organization. To answer this question it should be taken in to consideration those different domains of the influential factors in their choice between staying with the organization and leaving the organization. High turnover rate can be seen as the employees been dissatisfied or job related issues mainly due to the problems in the organizational side or employer side. Many research have been done to identify the factors influencing these perceptions and within these researches it has been found that the reasons are multidimensional, and it is difficult to explain the turnover with one factor. The following section presents the different factors of the employee turnover. Job satisfaction: There are many factors of that come out of the employee turnover research, and the most important one standing in top of the priority is the employee satisfaction. However this accounting for the factors creating this satisfaction is not entirely unproblematic. Job satisfaction is account to be one of the most important variable to be looked when measuring the employee turnover. Nonetheless, it is important to explicitly define the term. Oshagbemi(1999) defined the term job satisfaction as follows In generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, job satisfaction refers to an individuals positive emotional reactions to a particular job. It is an affective reaction to a job that results from the persons comparison of actual outcomes with those that are desired, anticipated or deserved. (p. 388) The job satisfaction has been analyzed in many perspectives in this literature. Job satisfaction is the often regarded as the attitudinal outcome of the numerous antecedents. To reflect the term several constructs have been analyzed. It is found that the group culture of the organization is largely depend on the job satisfaction (Moynihan and Pandey, 2007). According to Ting (1997) the relationship between the group members and supervisors are positively correlated with the job satisfaction. Kim (2002) showed that a positive relationship between the participatory management style and job satisfaction exists among the employees. According to Ellickson (2002), the evidence for the notion that departmental pride significantly and positively predicts job satisfaction, while Steijn (2004) in turn found that the organizational climate was important for predicting job satisfaction. Whether or not employees perceive that what they are doing is worthwhile, sometimes dubbed as their sense of o rganizational purpose, was recognized by Moynihan and Pandey (2007) as important for job satisfaction. On a closely related note, employee feelings of role or task clarity, generated by their organization making it clear to them what they are expected to do, is suggested to be linked to both employee job satisfactions. Whether or not the employees feel what they are doing is worthwhile is recognized by Pandey and Moynihan as important for creating the job satisfaction. On a close analysis of the employees perception of the organizational clarity of the message to be done by them is more closely related to the employee turnover and satisfaction (Allen 2006;Kowtha 2008). Hedlund (2004) mentioned that employees find the other job attractive if they able to distinguish their performance and the results out of it. According to Mynard (2006), the employees view of underutilization of their skills are negatively correlated with job satisfaction and positively correlate to the turnover intentions. Heduland (2004) found relation between the possibility of the mentally stimulating jobs appear to be important for the employee perception of their jobs. According to March Simon (1958) the exposure of employees to alternative employers affects the ease of movement. Employees present in different networking acti vities have an increased visibility and evidence have been found that these employees with larger external connections had a shorter duration of group membership. When involved in networking activities, one becomes more aware of work alternatives and working conditions in other organizations. Employees with wider contact networks are then more likely to evaluate external alternatives, and potentially leave the company. (Allen Griffeth, 1999). As said before the demographic variable such as age and the employment period have been the subject of the many researches and Ting (1997) found a positive relationship between the age and the job satisfaction. A research conducted by Ting(1997) suggests that there is a generation gap between the old employees and the young ones. The old employees seem to be more committed towards their jobs and they seem likely to be satisfied with their work (Moynihan and Pandey 2007). Hence the length of the employment is similar to the age in finding the job can correlate with job satisfaction (Kim 2002). A large number of researches on the occupational and organizational research has shown that the relationship between the job satisfaction and the employee turnover and intentions. Hom and Kinicki(2001) has investigated the field of employee job dissatisfaction, they come across a casual sequence in which the dissatisfaction start to cause turnover through a set of mediating factors such as turnover cognitions. A notable relationship has been found between the job satisfaction in mediating the relationship between perceived organizational support and turnover (Allen 2007). Organizational commitment: Organisational commitment plays an important role in the mindset of the employees when it comes to turnover decision. Committed employees usually have good attendance history and stay with the company in the long run as compared with the non-committed employees (Kline Peters 1991; Mowday et al. 1982; Somers 1995). There are lot more construct to the organizational commitment, the construction of the organizational commitment is evolved from the job related behavior like absenteeism, voluntary employee turnover, job satisfaction, job involvement, performance and supervisor behavior (Finegan 2000). One of the important way to build the organizational commitment is to implement a suitable organizational culture giving values and everybody in the organization is informed with organizational mission. According to Arthur (1994) there should be a strong human resource policies to build the organizational commitment instead of controlling the voluntary turnover and high productivity. These high HR management practices are distributed among the employees and portrayed by the use of information distribution. Problem solving , reduces status difference, training and development of the employees as valuable resource rather than treating them like a disposable factor of production(Wood and de Menezes 1998). The Human resource and management of the organization must try to recruit the employees with more commitment, for this the recruitment officer should concentrate in identifying the commitment factors. It is not possible to measure commitment in each of the employees but it is possible to measure and analyze the organizational commitment of the employees as a whole. The expected outcome of the employee training is the low voluntary turnover and high productivity. Greenhalgh and Mavrots mentioned that it is difficult to measure the return on investment on the human capital as the retention and period of retention but there is evidence of an inverse relationship between la bour turnover and extent of Human resource department. There are three factors of organizational commitment such as 1) Affective, 2) Continuance, 3) Normative. Meyer and Allen (1991) Affective: Affective commitment explains employee emotional attachment and identification with and involvement in the organization. In this type of commitment employees really want to stay with existing employer. Continuance: Continuance commitment refers to employee awareness regarding cost attached with leaving the organization. People dont willing to resignation because they need to stay due to certain reasons. Normative: This commitment shows a feeling of obligation to continue working in the same organization. People stay in this case because they feel that they have to stay. Above all affective commitment has mostly studied and thorough researched topic due to consistent relationship with organizational outcomes like performance, attendance and employee retention (Meyer and Allen 1997). Few studies on turnover have advocated the need to consider both individual and organisational factors in making predictions about employee attitudes and related behaviour, Porter, L.W.Steeds (1973) as cited by Rachid (1994) from the above statement it can be assumed that most of the employee turnover decisions are made basing on the individual factors and further more research by Barbara et al.,(2005) states that factors influence employee turnover by numerous internal factors and also by external factors. Overall if you see both organisations and the labour market change continue at an alarming pace. As far as the external factors are concerned, most people will leave their present work if they perceive that there are ample opportunities for acceptable alternative employers. And if we take internal factors it could be job security, independence: to do things in employees own way, unpleasant working conditions etc. Some past studies have postulated and identified different variables as being associated with turnover, satisfaction, commitment and intention to quit, have generally been accepted as important antecedents to turnover. Actual turnover is expected to increase as the intention increases and career factors are not related to turnover when turnover intention is held constant Mobley et al, (1978) as cited by Barbara et al. (2005). Turnover Birgit et al. (2007) intention can also be seen as a positive phenomenon from the employee point of view. In addition to reasons such as having received a better job offer with respect to material (for eg. benefits). Turnover intension can be a response to the need to adopt to the changing labour market, which requires more and more flexibility on the employers part Hall (1996); Van Dam (2003). As cited by Birgit et al (2007). In some cases turnover is caused basing on works repeatedness like Guests, R.H.(1955) as cited by Rachid (1994) early comparative study of assembly and non-assembly workers to reaction to the jobs suggests that the greater job-repetitiveness led to increased turnover. And for instance Guests study appears that potential moderating have been ignored which affects that personality variables may have no such impact. Work Environment / Supervisor Behavior Working condition has an important role in the job satisfaction and organizational commitment among the employees. The work environment includes the all the facilities and features for employees (Dawson 1986). Supervisor behavior and related views of the employees have a direct impact on the employee turnover regardless of the views on the management and attitude itself, emphasizing the importance of relationship with their supervisors or leaders.(Maertz at al 2007). However the influence of the of the supervisors communication are not limited to a specific supervisor. But it can be taken in other way as well, since supervisors are often seen by the employees as representatives of the organization and their behaviors can influence the employees perception of the organization as a whole.(Van Vuuren et al 2007). Employees normally keeps a common beliefs about to what extent the organization values their contributions and cares about their well being. These believes of the employees are commonly referred as the employees perceived organizational support (Hutchison and Sowa 1986). The organizational support theory states that the relationship between the employees and the organization can be made firm through exchange of some positive outcomes. This means if an employee is receiving favorable treatment from the organization then the individual is committed to return this by avoiding behaviors that would harm the organization. This can be viewed as an employee with high level of perceived organizational support will view the things that are harmful to the organization as a violation to the relationship with the organization. Such employees will try to remain in their work and perform their responsibilities as an obligatory way (Eisenberger at al 1986). Eisenberger (1986) found an inverse correlation between perceived organizational support and voluntary withdrawal signs such as absenteeism and tardiness. A recent study conducted by him concluded that When individuals feels that their organization cares about their well-being and values their contributions, they are less likely to remain from their usual work obligations, even when such behaviors are encouraged through the high levels of withdrawal displayed by coworkers (Eder Eisenberger). Employees perceptions of support from the organization are vital not only for inducing or reducing general withdrawal behavior, but also with regards to turnover. Lots of recent studies have found significant relationships between perception of the organizational support and turnover intentions (Allen et al., 2003) or actual turnover ( Eisenberger, et al., 2007). These findings reveal that Perceived organizational support may have a more broad effect on turnover than historically in the past tho ught, as highlighted by Maertz Jr. et al. (2007) who pointed out that perceived organizational support can influence turnover cognitions and behavior through other mechanisms besides improving global affect-loaded work attitudes. Specifically, perceived organizational support can generate obligations in the worker to reciprocate through remaining with the organization. These obligations to stay may cause a worker to have fewer turnover cognitions and dismiss them more quickly. Employees perceptions of organizational and supervisory support and communication influence numerous other attitudes and outcomes apart from withdrawal behaviors and turnover. One of these other outcomes is organizational dedication. This term is lacking a uniform definition, but usually organizational dedication can be defined usually as a psychological link between the worker and his or her organization that makes it less likely that the worker will voluntarily leave the organization (Allen Meyer, 1996). In the earlier literatures (Reichers, 1985) the organization recognizes two dimensions of commitment, one is called attitudinal commitment and the other is called behavioral commitment. The attitudinal commitment focuses on the acceptance of the organization goals and attitudes on the employees and a strong desire to be a part of the team or organization. Thus this employee will be more attached to the organization. the behavioral commitment focuses on the continuing membership and compliance to the company rules. The behavior commitment keeps the employ to be committed to certain course of action rather than the organization itself (Reichers 1985). According to brown(1996) the two concepts of commitment can be merged in to a single one. according to him, Commitment to a particular entity is a distinct phenomenon, albeit a complex one, that may differ depending upon how certain factors, pertinent to all commitments, are perceived and evaluated by an individual (Brown 1996, p.232). It is to be noted that the concept of commitment is the multidimensional construct and the antecedents, correlates and the correlates, and consequences of commitment may vary across these interrelated dimensions. Because of this there are a number of models on this subject. Allan and Mayer (1990) provided a much more familiar construct on the organizational commitment, he mentioned three attitude related topics related to the concept of organizational commitment. These are desire, perceived costs and obligation. Each of these topics corresponds to a component in a three-dimensional model of commitment. The model contains the following components Affective commitment refers to an employees positive emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization. The affectively committed individual identifies with the goals of the organization, and desires to remain a part of the organization. Employees with strong affective commitment remain with an organization because they want to, and because they like the organization. Continuance commitment is based on the costs that the employee associates with leaving the organization. An individual thus have strong continuance commitment if they perceive that high economic or social costs would result from losing organizational membership. These employees remain with an organization because they feel that they would not be able to get a better job elsewhere. Normative commitment refers to the employees feelings of obligation to remain with the organization. The normatively committed individual remains with an organization because of feelings of debt, and stay out of a sense of loyalty. (Allen Meyer, 1990). Apart from looking what organizational commitment means as a construct, it is important to discuss what the causes are leading in to it. Eisenberg et al (1986) mentioned that if the company want their employees to be committed then they must give supportive work environment as a means of mutual commitment. This is similar to the Rousseaus statement. He mentioned that in order to strengthen the bond between the employees and employers the employers must reinforce the perception of the employees and the employers should demonstrate the care, support and concern over the employee well being (Rousseau 1998). It is observed in many researches that the existence of a well supported supervision and communication can assist increase the organizational commitment among employees (Gaertner et al 1999). Also it has been found in one of the research is that employee perception of the organizational support have a similar effect; showing a strong positive relationship between the perceived organi zational satisfaction and organizational commitment.(Mayer and Stanley 2002). Rhoades and Eisenberger (2002) noted in a large review of perceived organizational support research that employees with high levels of perceived organizational support were not only reported as being more invested in their organization and demonstrating increased affective organizational commitment; they were also reported to view their jobs more optimistically and to demonstrate increased levels of job satisfaction The field of organizational commitment has been the study subject for many in the last few years. It is analyzed not only as the predictor of outcomes such as turnover, intention to leave, job satisfaction, job involvement, work motivation, absenteeism, and performance (Labatmediene et al., 2007). Earlier research consistently show that individuals highly committed to their organization are less likely to leave it, implying that it is possible for employers to retain employees by increasing levels of organizational commitment. (Tremblay, 2000; Buck Watson, 2002; Vandenberghe Tremblay, 2008). The impact of organizational commitment on turnover intentions is suggested to be stronger among employees in the early years of their careers, while their commitment is still being developed (Sturges Guest, 2001). Regardless of how the employees perceive the organization there are additional aspects about the supervisors and general working situations. Maertz and Griffeth (2004) mentioned different motivational aspects involved in the turnover decisions, including calculative forces which are described below. Rational calculation of the probability of attaining important values and goals in the future through continued membership. Favorable calculation of future value/goal attainment at the current organization motivates staying. Unfavorable calculation of future value/goal attainment motivates quitting. (Maertz Jr. Griffeth, 2004, p. 669) The calculative forces are based on rational self interest. And can be the outcome of the many different types of goals. An individual would like to spend more time with his family or residence (Maertz Jr. Griffeth, 2004). An employees long term and short term goals can lead to the employee turnover. Because of the possibility of such goals, an employees reluctance to stay with his or her employer does not depend only upon the qualities of the employing organization: Situations may exist in which an employee would not wish to remain with his or her employer regardless of any actions taken by said employer. According to Aronsson et al. (2000) locked-in employees remain in an unwanted employment because of situations are outside their control, and emphasize the impact of a weak labor market. This is in accordance with Maertz Jr. and Griffeth (2004) who used the term alternative forces to describe the turnover motivating mechanism that concerns an employees self-efficacy beliefs about alternative jobs or roles. Berntson (2008) found several aspects to be positively conne